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These are described as having an LP64 data model. Another alternative is the ILP64 data model in which all three data types are 64 bits wide, and even SILP64 where short integers are also 64 bits wide. Another alternative is the LLP64 model, which maintains compatibility with bit code by leaving both int and long as bit. LL refers to the long long integer type, which is at least 64 bits on all platforms, including bit environments. Microsoft Windows uses an LLP64 model. The disadvantage of the LP64 model is that storing a long into an int may overflow.

In the LLP64 model, the reverse is true. These are not problems which affect fully standard-compliant code, but code is often written with implicit assumptions about the widths of data types. A programming model is a choice made to suit a given compiler, and several can coexist on the same OS. However, the programming model chosen as the primary model for the OS application programming interface API typically dominates.

Another consideration is the data model used for device drivers. Drivers make up the majority of the operating system code in most modern operating systems [ citation needed ] although many may not be loaded when the operating system is running. Many drivers use pointers heavily to manipulate data, and in some cases have to load pointers of a certain size into the hardware they support for direct memory access DMA.

As an example, a driver for a bit PCI device asking the device to DMA data into upper areas of a bit machine's memory could not satisfy requests from the operating system to load data from the device to memory above the 4 gibibyte barrier, because the pointers for those addresses would not fit into the DMA registers of the device.

This problem is solved by having the OS take the memory restrictions of the device into account when generating requests to drivers for DMA, or by using an input—output memory management unit IOMMU. Most architectures of 64 bits that are derived from the same architecture of 32 bits can execute code written for the bit versions natively, with no performance penalty.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For bit images in computer graphics, see Deep color. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.

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Retrieved October 8, Retrieved October 7, Versions of the VR processor are widely used in consumer and office automation applications, including the popular Nintendo 64TM video game and advanced laser printers such as the recently announced, award-winning Hewlett-Packard LaserJet printer family.

Ottawa Linux Symposium The kernel, compiler, tool chain work. Archived from the original on 9 October Archived from the original on 18 June Retrieved 17 October Retrieved September 10, Archived from the original on 5 April Archived from the original on 10 May Retrieved 9 March Archived from the original on 23 October How portable is your code, really?

Cray Research systems data type mapping. Retrieved October 15, Instruction pipelining Bubble Operand forwarding Out-of-order execution Register renaming Speculative execution Branch predictor Memory dependence prediction Hazards.

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