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In principle , therefore, user funds cannot be stolen. As we show, the ability to sign off on transactions does not equate with real control.
Enabling users to control their own funds seems a good thing, but it has the side effect of abandoning the real-time nature of centralized exchanges in favor of slow, on-chain trading, That in turn exposes users of decentralized exchanges to new risks of monetary loss. Any complex new system is likely to suffer from design flaws. Decentralized exchanges have some definite advantages over their centralized counterparts, but also some distinct drawbacks.
The design landscape is complex and it is essential to evaluate the merits of individual systems and the risks they pose to users of being cheated or exploited. We therefore compare 0x with EtherDelta to better understand the design choices and likely risks in 0x exchanges.
Then we discuss three categories of decentralized-exchange design flaws:. Finally, we describe experiments we have performed in EtherDelta. These experiments highlights that the risks we describe are real and already emerging in a decentralized exchange with fairly low volume. We conclude with a brief discussion of the decentralized-exchange design space as a whole.
Such posting takes place in real time—much faster than if orders were posted on a decentralized blockchain. An order is accompanied by an exact price, i. EtherDelta and 0x both attempt to minimize trust in the off-chain matching service by not giving it the power to perform automatic matching of the buy and sell orders.
The transaction is sent to a smart contract that executes the transaction, transferring assets between the buyer and seller Maker and Taker in 0x. The lifecycle of a transaction is shown below in Figure 1. EtherDelta and 0x both adopt this general design, but differ in two key ways.
Additionally, 0x, unlike EtherDelta, has a system of tokens used to pay transaction fees and for system governance. Lifecycle of a transaction, using 0x terminology. The lack of automatic matching permits in-market arbitrage, whereby stale orders are filled to the disadvantage of users unable to quickly cancel their orders in response to market fluctuations.
Since the only way for users to invalidate their signed orders that they published on the off-chain service is by sending an on-chain cancellation transaction that is explicitly processed by the exchange contract, the arbitrageur may pay a high gas fee to miners and win the race against the cancellation transaction. Therefore, users who wish to increase the probability of a successful cancellation may need to attach an excessively high fee that depends on the value of the trade, which makes the exchange platform unattractive to honest users.
Vulnerability to miner frontrunning: Order cancellations are a common feature of decentralized exchanges after all, an exchange with no cancellation ability may not be useful in a volatile market , and their on-chain nature renders these cancellations particularly vulnerable to miner frontrunning; the miner of the next block will always have the option to execute cancelled orders with themselves as the counterparty, potentially profiting from such an order.
This issue was noted in the Consensys 0x report , and is recognized as a limitation of on-chain cancellations in the community.
Exposure to exchange abuses: Worse yet, it can front-run orders. The problem is that signed orders flow to the off-chain server first. The server can thus match the trade data with pseudonymous users that it controls. Both suppression and front-running by an exchange are extremely hard to detect.
The token will serve two functions: Second, the token will be used for "decentralized governance" over the evolution of the protocol and the DEX contract holding market participants' assets. Why a dedicated token should be used for Relayer fees is unclear—after all one could simply pay Relayers in ETH instead.
The use of a token for decentralized governance is a more interesting use case. Unfortunately, the 0x whitepaper does not provide any detailed information on how this governance process will work. Neither does the code in 0x's github repository. Since the governance process appears to be the only good reason for creating the ZRX token, this is all the more disappointing. The 0x whitepaper does, however, state that non-disruptive protocol updates i.
This immediately raises questions about the security properties of the governance process. Designing a secure, decentralized governance process will be difficult and involve a multitude of delicate tradeoffs. Once again, decentralization is no panacea and carries a price in terms of complexity and possibly weakened security! Broadcast orders make use of a Relayer, who broadcasts the Maker's order to any listening Takers who can choose to fill the order by sending a signed message to the DEX.
Figure 1 shows the lifecycle of a broadcast order. Relayers can charge fees as a reward for their broadcasting services: In contrast, point-to-point orders do not make use of Relayers and thus avoid Relayer fees. As their name suggests, point-to-point orders allow two market participants to trade directly with each other by sending signed messages to the DEX.
Since cancellations are free and O is never filled, the Relayer will not earn any fees. Systematic exploitation of this flaw could lead to a tragedy of the commons, where individual market participants would make it uneconomical to run a Relayer by always evading fees, thereby destroying the "common good" of Relayers.
Having a single DEX hold the assets for all point-to-point and broadcast orders and allowing multiple Relayers will likely lead to a more liquid market; furthermore, competition among Relayers may lower the fees that user pay.
This tradeoff cannot be easily overcome: EtherDelta could in principle support multiple Relayers by using a separate contract for each of them, but this approach would not allow the liquidity in the order books of the Relayers to be shared. Maker griefing is an attack recognized in audits of 0x whereby an order maker moves tokens that are supposed to be involved in an order, causing it to fail in the final on-chain processing stages responsible for moving the funds.
If such a failure occurs, the on-chain taker must pay gas fees to attempt execution of an order that never completes or provides any benefit to the taker, an inefficient use of taker time and money. Repeating this attack on a large scale could potentially waste Taker gas, making Takers incur high order fees, costs, and delays in addition to the transparent Taker fees charged by the exchange.
A cartel could place both legitimate and illegitimate orders, sharing information with each other out of band about which orders were legitimate. This would force outsiders to incur penalties, a potentially profitable strategy for a sufficiently powerful cartel.
The recommended tooling mitigations do not entirely solve the issue, as they rely on checks of blockchain state, which could potentially change immediately before or even during the release of a new block.
The potential for miner involvement as Makers in permissionless distributed markets or miner collusion with these cartels further amplifies these attacks, as miners could both collect the profit from Takers burning gas in griefing attacks and trigger the attacks in previously unseen transactions inserted in blocks before order fulfillment.
Such a miner attack would allow no possibility of detection for the recommended tool-based mitigations. The technological and economic barriers to these attacks or the formation of potential cartels mean these strategies may not surface until decentralized exchanges achieve substantial volume and thus allow for substantial profit , dangerously providing a false sense of security and a false confidence in on-chain market architectures.
As described in the design of both exchanges, EtherDelta and 0x share a number of similarities.